Monday 25 June 2012

ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDIA

I present the following as absolute proof that a more advanced Indian technological society existed thousands of years ago. I consider the sum of the evidence as incontrovertible.
Ancient Indian literature is teeming with references to flying vehicles, weapons of mass destruction and advanced technology. Now, modern man has called this mythology. However, the writers of these ancients epics and documents call it history. As soon as one discards this unfounded arrogance, and is ready to test the veracity of this literature as history, he/she will discover that the advanced technology is described in a practical and empirical sense as opposed to the theoretical or fictionalsense. Not only that, it accords in large degrees with modern scientific principles and technology. Example: In the Vynamika Shastra, real-time television is produced by a set of mirrors that recieve light, then worked on by electricity, which is then sent through and a tube and an image is projected onto a chemically-coated screen. It need not be mentioned that this is the actual mechanism on which televisions work.

Now, if the technology described here is nothing but the imagination of a tree-dwelling primitive man, why does it work?

Weapons and Technology

In fact, this is not the only reference to technology that resembles our own. There are literally hundreds of references to technology like our own, and also, that surpass our own. They fall under two categories: Astras(weapons) and yantras(machines)

The types of weapons:

Brahmaastras(Brahma's weapon)
Agniastras(Fire weapon)
Suryaastra(Sun Weapon)
Indraastra(Indra's weapon)
Narayananastra(Vishu's weapon)
Varunasutra(Water weapon)

Each astra has it's own effects and they evoke the power of the elements they are associated with. The most feared weapons were the Narayanaastra and the Brahmaastra. They were the equivalent of our weapons of mass destruction.

The Narayanaastra was a thought-seeking weapon that would destroy anything that had a thought it was programmed to destroy. It is described being used in the Mahabharata war, as Krishna was familar with it, he asked his side to all cast down their weapons and surrender to the weapon, and it will not affect them.

The Brahmastra was the most powerful weapon known and was rarely ever used. It contained the power of the universe and it could cause massive destruction. It could be likened to a modern-day nuclear weapon, in fact, it probably IS a nuclear weapon. Here is a passage from the Drona Purvadescribing it's use:

Gurkha, flying a swift and powerful vimana
hurled a single projectile charged with the power
of the Universe. An incandescent column of
smoke and flame, as bright as ten thousand suns, rose with
all its splendor.

It was an unknown weapon, an iron thunderbolt, a gigantic
messenger of death, which reduced to ashes the entire race
of the Vrishnis and the Andhakas.

The corpses were so burned as to be unrecognizable.
Hair and nails fell out; Pottery broke without apparent cause,
and the birds turned white.

...After a few hours all foodstuffs were infected...
...to escape from this fire the soldiers threw
themselves in streams to wash themselves and their
equipment."

Dense arrows of flame, like a great shower, issued
forth upon creation, encompassing the enemy...
A thick gloom swiftly settled upon the Pandava hosts.
All points of the compass were lost in darkness.
Fierce wind began to blow upward, showering dust and gravel.

Birds croaked madly... the very elements seemed disturbed.
The earth shook, scorched by the terrible violent heat of this
weapon.
Elephants burst into flame and ran to and fro in a frenzy...
over a vast area, other animals crumpled to the ground and died.
From all points of the compass the arrows of flame rained
continuously and fiercely. "


This description so accurately depicts the use of a nuclear weapon, it's effects and the fallout. In fact, the scientist on the Manhatten project who described the first nuclear test used a verse from this same passage.

Another description of a weapon that echoes modern missle technology is again during the Mahabharata. Where, the evil Salva is flying in an invisible vimana around the skies attacking Krishna's army. Krishna then deploys a special fire-weapon that seeks sound and is able to down Salvas Vimana and kill him.

Aeuronautics

We have have flying vehicles described over and over again in ancient Indian literature. Now, for the first time, see an ancient Indian document of aeronautical science, the Vyanmaika Shastra(VS) that gives us technical and schematical information on propulsion, energy, weapons, flight tactics, pilots food and clothes and metallurgy. This is the the most groud-breaking document ever and has been studied by many scholars, engineers and scientists from Europe and India from the early 20th century and onwards. It is currently being studied on the highest level of the Indian government and scientifiic community, at the Aeronautical Development Agency(ADA) of the Indian Ministry of Defence. Indian scientists have been able to succesfully recreate the prescribed alloys according to the formulas in the VS.

You can read a very fascinating thesis written on the VS here: ebusiness.ada.gov.in... 

Here is a primer demystisting the sankrit terms utilised in the VS to aid our understanding.Vymanika Shastra itself means 'treatise on aeronautics'. or "science of aeronautics" 

The main sankrit terms 

Adrishya: Invisibility 
Antara: Difference 
Bhaava: Being or becoming 
Darpana: Mirror 
Drishya: Vision 
Jyotibhaava: Becoming glowing 
Karan: Action/do 
Kiran: Ray 
Loha: Metal 
Mani: Crystal 
Naali: Channel 
Paroksh: Contract 
Roopa: Appearance 
Roopaantra: Taking on a different appearance 
Roopakarshana: Attracting an appearance 
Sankorcha: Contract 
Shakti: Power 
Surya: Sun or of relating to sun 
Vayu: Wind or air 
Vimana: Flying craft or bird-like 
Viroopa karana: To make Bad form or shape 
Yantra: Machine/device 

The flying vehicles, are called Vimanas, and used throughout vedic literature to denote flying vehicles of the gods and the ruling class. 

They contain various yantras(machines/devices) with various functions in various parts of the vimanas. All of the major onboard yantras are comprised of darpanas(mirrors or lens), manis(crystals) and naalis(channels and outpius) The machines function on various sources of shakti(power) 

The Darpana Yanatras(The mirror machines/devices) 

There are 8 Darpana Yantras and belong to 4 types of function: 

Television 
optical stealth, holography and cloaking 
Laser and directed energy weapons 
Energy generation 

The mirrors are used for light related functions to either deflect, reflect, redirect, attract or amplify light and energy beams. In the same way lasers, holograms and solar cells work. 

The mirrors are manufactured through special chemical processes using highly optically sensitive organic and inorganic substances. 

The 5 main Darpana Yantras are: 

1) Vishwa kriyaa darpana: 

This device is used to obtain high resoluton real-time imagery of all activites around the Vimana, while in flight, and projected onto some screen. These lens are placed in a special arrangement with crystals, special mirrors and through a combination of solar, electric and mercury power are projected through some mechanism. 

2) Shaktyakarshana darpana: 

This device is used as a protection to neutralize harmful radiation in certain atmospheric zones. It is made up of 6 crystals positioned in a special arrangement that attract the harmful radiation and then gradually covert it to heat before it dissipates into the atmosphere. 

3) Vyroopya darpana: 

This is tactical device used to project battle field holographic images to confuse the enemy or to change the appearance of the Vimanas with a special deflecting mirror. 

4) Guha garbha darpana: 

This is a weapon device and used to harness the energy from the sun, winds, and ether and to redirect it to incapaciate the enemy via a special redirecting mirror; essentially a directed energy weapon. 

5) Rowdree Darpana: 

This is also some kind of directed energy weapon device. It combined Rodwdree beams(?) with solar rays and produces a high heat intensity ray that can melt anything it is directed on. 

The Shakitis(The power sources) 

There are 7 sources of Shaktis: 

TUNDILA - UDGAMA SHAKTI 

PANJARA - PANJARA SHAKTI 

AMSHUPA (SHAKTIPA) - SOLAR POWER ABSORPTION 

APAKARSHAKA - ABSORPTION OF POWER FROM ALIEN VIMANAS 

SAANDHAANIKA - GROUP OF 12 FORCES 

DAARPANIKA - KUNTINEE SHAKTI 

SHAKTI PRASAVIKA -MAIN MOTIVE POWER 

The above terms are nebulous and do not shed much light on the types of propulsion these Vimanas used. However, it can be said, that it was unconventional. The predominant energy sources described are solar rays, crystals, electric power and ether winds. There is also a mention of a "solar glow" which could possibly mean nuclear fusion power. 

Dr David Childress also suggests that a mercury propulsion system was used, where the latent power of mercury was used to generate the energy to propel the crafts. 

The vimanas's aerodynamics as described in the shastra are similar to the aerodynamics of the common UFO. So some kind of electromagnetic field propulsion maybe at play. It should be noted that there were many types of Vimanas and they all used different forms of propulsion for different roles. 

Aerodynamics: 

Proceeding 
Mounting 
Circulating 
Circuambulating 
Receding 
Motionless or hovering 
Ascending 
Descending 
Speeding 
Sideways motion 
Anti-clockwise motion 
miscellaneious motions 
Shuddering 

Other Yantras in the Vimana: 

Guhagarbha Aadarsha Yantra: 

This device is used to locate mines or hidden explosives through air-reconnaissance. Through a sequence of mirrors and image reflecters an image of the ground below is obtained, which is then processed through a special crystal Chumbakamani, and then electricity and light rays are passed through it and then directed on a downwards mirror, that scans the ground. 

Tamogarbh Yantra: 

This device is used to create some form of invisibility. The device works with revolving two faced mirrors collecting solar rays, activation of acid in the vessel on the opposite side, of mirrors, allowing solar ray to enter the crystal in an acid vessel. By turning a separate wheel in the west, darkness-intensifying mirror begin to function. By operation of a central wheel the rays attracted by the mirror will reach the crystal and envelop it. By operating the main wheel at high speed, darkness will envelop the entire vimana making it invisible. 

Shabdhakarshaka yantra: 

This device is used in listening to sound waves in a range of 27 miles. It works on some kind of rotary component sensitive to sound. 

Other technologies 

BIO-ENGINEERING: 

This is the most staggering find I have come upon. It appears that the ancient Indians also had the ability to clone humans(it's very ironic that contemporary India is taking the lead in stem-cell research) In the Mahabharata, the queen Ghandari, who had pregnancy problems and after 2 years bore a pinda(ball of flesh) which was then handed over to a sage. He divided this ball of flesh into 100 parts and treated them with a chemical process, then put each part into a sealed cooling container for 2 years, from which 100 male babies were created. 

ENGINEERING 

According to the Indian epics Mahabharata(10,000 - 3000 years ago) and Ramayana(1.2 million years ago) engineering was far more advanced than modern civilization. The Ramayana describes the construction of a bridge from India to Sri Lanka. While the Mahabharata describes the construction of an entire island city in record time and also described it sinking into the ocean after the death of Krishna. Both can be verified by modern archeology. 

The fabled bridge that was constructed by an ape race on the orders of Lord Rama, in the Treta yuga, which according to Indian time or yuga cycles, happened 1.2 million years ago, was recently discovered by a NASA space satellite. It has been dated 1.2 million years, thus putting it in the time-frame of it's so-called construction. The bridge, called Adams bridge, a 30km long chain of shoals has been characterized to have a man-made structure. Here is a passage from the Srimad Bhagvatam detalling the construction of the bridge. 

(Srimad-Bhagavatam First Canto, Chapter 3, text 24, 1972)
Here's the account from the "Ramayana" of Sage Valmiki:
"At Rama's command, those lions among the monkeys entered the mighty forest with alacrity in hundreds and thousands on every side and those leaders on the simian tribes, tearing up the rocks, which in size they resembled, and the trees also dragged them to the sea and they covered the ocean with Sala, Ashvararna, (list of tree names).Those foremost monkeys transported those trees, with or without roots, bearing them like so many standards of Indra (the king of heaven) and they heaped (list of tree names) here and there. With the aid of mechanical devices, those powerful colossi dug up stones as big as elephants and rocks, and the water suddenly spouted into the air only to fall instantly. Thereafter those monkeys churned up the sea by rushing into it on all sides pulling on the chains.
"That immense causeway constructed by Nala in the bosom of the sea was built by the arms of those monkeys of formidable exploits and it extended over a hundred leagues.
"Some brought trunks of trees and others set them up; it was by hundreds and thousands that those monkeys, like unto giants, made use of reeds, logs and blossoming trees to construct that bridge, rushing hither and thither with blocks of stone resembling mountains or the peaks of crags, which, flung into the sea, fell with a resounding crash.
"The first day those monkeys resembling elephants, or immense energy, full of high spirits and exceedingly merry, erected fourteen leagues of masonry. The second day, those highly active monkeys of formidable stature set up twenty leagues. Bestirring themselves, those giants threw twenty-one leagues of structure over the ocean on the third day and on the fourth, working feverishly, they built up twenty-two leagues in extent. The fifth day, those monkeys, industrious workers, reached to twenty-three leagues distance from the further shore.
"That fortunate and valiant son of Vishvakarma (architect of the demigods), leader of the monkeys, constructed a causeway worthy of his sire over the ocean and that bridge erected by Nala over the sea, the haunt of whales, dazzling in its perfection and splendor, was like the constellation of Svati in space.
"Then the gods, Gandharvas, Siddhas (living beings superior to humans) and supreme Rishis (great sages) assembled in the sky, eager to see that masterpiece, and the gods and Gandharvas gazed on that causeway, so difficult of construction, that was ten leagues in width and a hundred in length built by Nala.
"Those monkeys thereafter dived, swam and shouted at the sight of that unimaginable marvel that was almost inconceivable and caused one to tremble! And all beings beheld that causeway thrown over the ocean and by hundreds and thousands of kotis (millions), those monkeys, full of valor, having built that bridge over the immense repository of waters, reached the opposite shore.
"Vast, well-constructed, magnificent with its wonderful paved floor, solidly cemented, that great causeway like unto a line traced on the waves, resembled the parting of a woman's hair. 


Here is the actual photograph from the NASA satellite: 

 

The island city of Dwarika's construction is recorded in the Mahabharata - as is it's sinking into the sea. It was found only recently by pioneering team led by India's most reveered and respected archeologist Dr S.R. Rao and is heralded as the biggest archeological find after the discovery of Troy. It was a submerged and lost city on the west coast of India. Pottery found there has been carbon dated to more than 7000 years old. This proves the historicity of the Mahabharata. 

Advanced Knowledge 

In the Indian Puranas, thought to be more than 1200 years old. A speed of the sun is given based on the Rig Veda. 

That speed is: 2,202 yojanas in half a nimesa. 

These are given in ancient indian units. Here is a conversion: 

A yojanas is 8000 Dhanus/bows and each bow is 6 feet 

A nimesa is 16/73 of a second, as deduced from the following in the Purans: 

15 nimesa = 1 Kastha 
30 Kastha = 1 Kala 
30 Kala = 1 Mahutra 
30 Malhutra = 1 day and night 

If we convert them to their equivalent modern units, where each yojanas is 9 miles and each nimesha is 16/73.3 seconds, substituting it into the speed of the sun by the Rig Veda gives the speed of the sun as 186,536 miles per second. The most accurate figure for the speed of light as of today is 186,282 miles per second. 

This means the Rig Veda figure is 99% accurate to the modern figure. This kind of accuracy can only be achieved with laser technology and highly sophisticated measuring equipment. However, this just corroborates what we already know from the Vymanika Shastra, that they did indeed have laser technology. 

In conclusion: Whom we think to be a tree-dwelling primitive man with an active imagination, has written about: engineering, genetic engineering, lasers, nuclear weapons, directed energy weapons, psychtronic weapons, television, holograms, cloaking, scanning, air force tactics, alloy fabrication, electricity, solar eletricity, inertia propulsion and calculated the speed of light. This was no tree-dwelling civilization. We are talking about a very sophisticated and advanced civilization that far surpasses our own. 
It is harrowing to think that such an advanced society would just disappear. If they could disappear, then so could we. In light of this overwhelming proof, I think we need a huge overhaul of our current view of human history and it's origins. The implications are earth-shattering.

Saturday 14 April 2012

ANDHRA PRADESH


Andhra Pradesh ([aːnd̪ʱrə prəd̪eːʃ] ( listen)), is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra,Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.
Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972 km (604 mi) among the states of India.[2] Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta in the northeast of the state.
The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu with Urdu a common secondary official language in some areas. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi,MarathiTamilKannada, and Oriya. According to the 2001 census, 10,281 persons in Andhra Pradesh declare English as their first language.[4]
The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh exceeds $100 billion, ranking it third among the states of India.[5] It is historically called the "Rice Bowl of India".Andhra Pradesh's GSDP for 2010 was estimated at $100.35 billion in current prices and in 2011 it rose to $123,560 billion and $145,854 billion in 2012-13[6] It holds a position in the Provinces of the world with more than billion dollar GDP.[7] More than 77% of its crop is rice; Andhra Pradesh produced 17,796,000 tonnes of rice in 2006.[8]
State languageTelugu (తెలుగు)
State symbolPoorna kumbham (పూర్ణకుంభం)
State songMaa Telugu Thalliki (మా తెలుగు తల్లికి మల్లె పూదండ)
by Sri Sankarambadi Sundaraachari
State animalBlack Buck (కృష్ణ జింక)
State birdIndian Roller (పాల పిట్ట)
State treeNeem (వేప)
State sportKabaddi (చెడుగుడు)
State danceKuchipudi (కూచిపూడి)
State flowerWater lily (కలువ పువ్వు)

On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganization Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State with the already existing Andhra State .
Charminar at HyderabadHeartland of Mahayana BuddhismModern history
Hyderabad is the capital and, along with the adjoining twin city Secunderabad, is the largest city in the state.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh's main seaport, is the second largest city and is home to the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command. Due to its location and proximity to major rail and road routes, Vijayawada is a major trading center and is the third largest city of the state, Rajamundry is the fourth largest city of the state, followed by GunturNelloreWarangalKurnoolKakinada. Other important places of the state are Tirupati,Srikakulam, and Kadapa.
The state shares its borders with KarnatakaMaharastraChattisgarhTamil Nadu & Orissa.


Demographics:
                        Telugu is the official language of the state, spoken by 83% followed byUrdu 8.63% of the population. Major linguistic minority groups are Hindi(2.77%), and Tamil (1.13%).
Other languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh by less than 1% each areKannada (0.80%), Marathi (0.74%), and Oriya (0.44%). Languages spoken by less than 0.2% of the population include Malayalam (0.08%),Gujarati (0.06%), Bengali (0.05%), Gorkhali/Nepali (0.03%), Punjabi(0.01%) and Sindhi(0.01%).
The main ethnic group of Andhra Pradesh is the Telugu people, who are primarily Dravidians.
Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth compared to all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores with a score of 0.416.
The National Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals thatKhammamKrishnaWest GodavariChittoor, and Medak are the five districts with the highestHuman Development Indexscores in ascending order in rural AP. The data show that the poor make up 16.3 per cent of the total population in rural AP and expenditure on consumption is around 13.5 per cent of the total consumption expenditure. The female literacy rate is 0.66 compared to male literacy rate in rural AP. The district-wise variations for poverty ratio are high and low for the ratio of female/male literacy rate.



Religions

Tirumala Temple entrance
The state is home to Hindu saints of all castes. An important figure is Saint Yogi Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami. He was born in the Vishwabrahmin (goldsmith) caste and had Brahminand Dalit disciples.[50] Fisherman Raghu was a Shudra saint.[51] Saint Kakkayya was a chura(sweeper) Harijan saint.
Religion in Andhra Pradesh
Percent
Hinduism
  
89.01%
Islam
  
9.16%
Christianity
  
1.7%
Jainism
0.05%
Sikhism
0.04%
Others
0.17%
Several important Hindu modern-day saints are from Andhra Pradesh. These include Sri Sathya Sai Baba, Sri Sivabala Yogi Maharaj who advocates religious unity in worship; Swami Sundara Chaitanyanandaji of the Aurobindo Mission; and Brahmarshi Subhash Patri, founder of the pyramid spiritual societies movement.Islam in Hyderabad, with historical patronizing by the rulers, has a strong Sufi influence, with various moments active in the last two decades. Hyderabad has also produced many renowned religious scholars of representing different Islamic sects and trends, including Abul Ala Maududi, Turab-ul-Haq Qadri, and Allamah Rasheed Turabi.[52] Most Telugu Christians are Protestant belonging to major Indian Protestant denominations such as the Church of South India, the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches and several others.

Information technology and other key sectors

Ancient and medieval history

Kakatiya sculpture atWarangal
A pillar at Ahobilamtemple in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh
Rock-cut Lord --Buddha-- Statue at Bojjanakonda nearAnakapalle,Visakhapatnam

The first historical records appear in the Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya, when what is now Nizamabad and Adilabad districts of the Telangana region constituted parts of the Assaka Mahajanapada (700–300 BCE)An Andhra tribe was mentioned in the Sanskrit epics such as Aitareya Brahmana (800 BCE) andMahabharata (400 BCE). The Natya Shastra written byBharatha (1st century BCE) also mentions the Andhra people.The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur districtand from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the 5th century CE.

Megasthenes, a Greek traveller and geographer who visited the Court of Chandragupta Maurya (322–297 BCE), mentioned that the region had three fortified towns and an army of 100,000 infantry, 200 cavalry, and 1,000 elephants. Buddhist books reveal that Andhras established their huts or tents near the Godavari River at that time.
Inscriptional evidence shows that there was an early kingdom incoastal Andhra (Guntur District) ruled first by Kuberaka and then by his son Varun, with Pratipalapura (Bhattiprolu) as the capital. Around the same time, Dhanyakatakam/Dharanikota (present day Amaravati) appears to have been an important place, which was visited by Gautama Buddha. According to the ancient Tibetan scholar Taranatha: "On the full moon of the month Chaitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of 'The Glorious Lunar Mansions' (Kalachakra)".

The Mauryans extended their rule over Andhra in the 4th century BC. With the fall of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BC, the Satavahanas became independent. After the decline of the Satavahanas in 220 CE, the Ikshvaku dynastyPallavasAnanda GotrikasRashtrakutasVishnukundinasEastern Chalukyas, and Cholas ruled the land.
During this period, Telugu emerged as a popular language, supplanting Prakrit and Sanskrit. Telugu was made the official language by the Vishnukundina kings (5th and 6th centuries), who ruled from their capital city of Vengi. Eastern Chalukyas ruled for a long period after the decline of Vishnukundinas; their capital was also Vengi. As early as the 1st century CE, Chalukyas were mentioned as being vassals and chieftains under the Satavahanas and later under the Ikshvakus. The Chalukya ruler Rajaraja Narendra ruled Rajahmundry around 1022 CE.

The battle of Palnadu (1182) resulted in the weakening of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty and led to the emergence of the Kakatiya dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Kakatiyas were at first vassals of the Rashtrakutas, and ruled over a small territory near Warangal. Eventually all the Telugu lands were united by the Kakatiyas. In 1323 CE, Delhi Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country and captured Warangal. King Prataparudra was taken prisoner. Musunuri Nayaks recaptured Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate in 1326 CE and ruled for fifty years.

Inspired by their success, the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradesh and India, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal.In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century.
Although Hyderabad was founded less than 500 years ago, archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date back to 500 BC. Approximately over 1000 years ago this region was ruled by Kakatiyas until 1310 AD, and fell under Delhi sultanate from (1310–1345), when the central sultanate became weak the Bahmani Sultan revolted against the Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughluq and established an independent state in Deccan within the Delhi Sultanates southern provinces and ruled until 1518 AD. Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, governor of golconda, declared Independence from Bahmani Dynasty, and announced himself a sultan of golconda in the year 1518 AD, and founded the Qutb Shahi dynasty.
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a fifth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (the ruling family of the Golconda Sultanate, previously a feudatory of Bahmani sultanate that declared independence in 1512) founded the city of Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591[20] to relieve a water shortage the dynasty had experienced at its old headquarters at Golconda city (11 kilometers west of Hyderabad city on the other side of Musi). He also ordered the construction of the Charminar. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb captured kingdom of Golconda including the city of Hyderabad in 1687 and, during this short Mughal rule, Mughal-appointed governors of the city soon gained autonomy.
In 1724, Asaf Jah I, who was granted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk ("Governor of the country") by the Mughal emperor, defeated a rival official to establish control over kingdom of Golconda renamed it as Hyderabad state. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that ruled Hyderabad State until a year after India's independence from Britain. Asaf Jah's successors ruled as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The rule of the seven Nizams saw the growth of Hyderabad city both culturally and economically. Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the kingdom (Hyderabad state) and Golkonda city was almost abandoned. Huge reservoirs, like the Nizam Sagar, Tungabhadra, Osman Sagar, and Himayat Sagar, were built. Survey work on Nagarjuna Sagar had also begun during this time; the actual work was completed by the Government of India in 1969. The wealth and grandeur of the Nizams is demonstrated by the fabled Jewels of The Nizams, which is a tourist attraction. The state was the richest and the largest among the princely states of India. The land area of the state was 90,543 mi²; its population in 1901 was 50,073,759. It enjoyed an estimated revenue of £90,029,000.
Scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā Sutras, the earliest Mahayana Sutras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Krsna River in Andhra country.A.K. Warder holds that "theMahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."Sree Padma and Anthony Barber note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as NāgārjunaDignagaCandrakīrtiAryadeva, andBhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Andhra."[31] They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna Valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier." TheDzogchenMahamudra and Lamdré masters Sri Singha, Savari, Maitripa and Virupa lived and taught in the Andhra region for some portion of their lives or were in some cases permanent residents.
In Colonial IndiaNorthern Circars became part of the British Madras Presidency. Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British which eventually emerged as Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, Komaram Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State.Meanwhile, the Frenchoccupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954. India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.
In an effort to gain an independent state based on the linguistic and protect the interests of the Andhra (Telugu-speaking) people of Madras StatePotti Sreeramulu fasted until death in 1952. After his death, Andhra attained statehood on 1 November 1953, with Kurnool as its capital.
On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganization Act merged the Telugu-speaking areas of the former Hyderabad state with the Telugu-speaking areas of the former Madras state to form the state of Vishalandhra, which is named as Andhra Pradesh. The city of Hyderabad, the former capital of the Hyderabad State, was made the capital of the new state.
There were several movements to disintegrate Andhra Pradesh into two states viz. Andhra and Telengana in the late 1960 which are continuing till date.
On 9 December 2009, it was announced that a separation proposal for Telangana would be introduced to the state assembly.Controversy arose as to the future status of Hyderabad City, part of one of the ten districts of Telangana region. This move was opposed by protesters from Kosta and Rayalaseema regions,however the protests in the state capital Hyderabad was rocked only by pro-bifurcation protests. On 23 December 2009, the government decided to put the decision of bifurcating the state on hold until a consensus is achieved among the different political parties.
This agitated supporters of a separate Telangana state. On 5 January 2010, the Central Government represented by Home Minister P Chidambaram conducted a meeting by inviting all the recognised political parties of AP and recorded their stand on the issue. The Government of India appointed a committee, headed by B. N. Srikrishna, to guide the central government to settle the issue of Telangana amicably. The committee submitted its report on 30 December 2010, a day before its term was to expire.
Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is composed of most of the eastern half of the Deccan plateau and the plains to the east of the Eastern Ghats. Andhra Pradesh is divided into three regions. The northern part of the plateau is theTelangana region and the southern part is known as Rayalaseema. These two regions are separated by the River Krishna. The third region is Coastal Andhra.[42] The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastal plains. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Kadapa Basin[43] formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral rich area. The coastal plains are for the most part delta regions formed by the GodavariKrishna, and Penner rivers. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. The Eastern Ghat region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The west and southwest parts of Andhra Pradesh have semi-arid conditions.
Indian Space Research Organisation's Satish Dhawan Space Centre is located at the Barrier Island ofSriharikota, in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.
The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Monsoons play a major role in determining the climate of the state. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between 20 °C and 41 °C.[44]
July to September is the seasons for tropical rains in Andhra Pradesh. The state receives heavy rainfall from Southwest Monsoon during these months. About one third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by the Northeast Monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the Northeast Monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state. November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter temperature is generally 12 °C to 30 °C.[44]